O1–05–08: Memory decline in older adults is predicted by focused / selective attention
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Memory decline is the most common cognitive complaint among older adults and the core feature of Alzheimer's dementia. We have investigated the influence and relation of focused / selective attention on memory decline in older adults with normal cognitive function at baseline. Cohort study of 281 older adults (65 years and older) living independently in the community, followed every 2–2.5 years for up to 7.5 years. Battery of cognitive tests included: Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE), Stroop Neuropsychological Screening Inventory, Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (DRS) and California Verbal learning Test (CVLT). Dementia or amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) were diagnosed by standard criteria. Analysis included Spearman correlations, Mann-Whitney, T-tests, Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) and linear regression (REG procedure). CVLT scores were reduced by factor analysis. We obtained information in 225 participants at last follow-up, 181 had full cognitive testing completed, and in 44 information was obtained by telephone interview, from their families or family doctors. Fifty-six were lost to follow-up. Twenty-two participants developed dementia and 21 MCI. Stroop scores showed a significant area under the curve (AUC=0.76, SE=0.07) for dementia diagnosis. A Stroop score <60/112 had the following properties to predict dementia: Sensitivity 41%, Specificity 95%, Positive predictive value 53% and Negative predictive value 93%. The relative risk of developing dementia if the Stroop score at baseline was <60 was 7.2 (95% CI, 3.6–14.4; p<0.001) compared to persons with a Stroop score of 60 or higher. Correlations between cognitive scores from different psychometric tests at baseline and at follow-up were significant (p<.05 to p<.001). There was a significant correlation between each subject's psychometric tests scores at baseline and at last follow-up. Stroop scores at baseline predicted the CVLT factor1 and the DRS score at last follow-up over and above (p=<.01, p<.01, respectively) the effects of the baseline CVLT factor1 and DRS, respectively . However, CVLT factor1 or DRS score at baseline did not predict the last Stroop score. These results show that focused attention can predict future memory decline and dementia years before it occurs, suggesting that deficits of focused attention might precede memory decline.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".