Bibliographic record
Abstract
Pharmacy profession has experienced tremendous changes over the years. In Nigeria, the profession is traceable to the colonial period when some people were trained to handle drugs and functioned as dispensers of medicines, sanitary officers, medical aids and anaesthetists in operating theatres. This progressed to the supply and dispensing of medications, bulk compounding and administrative functions by pharmacists and then to the acceptance of clinical pharmacy practice in the 1980s. PharmD program is part of the rapid changes being experienced in pharmacy practice and started in the United States over 5 decades ago. Today, the program has been introduced in many countries including United Kingdom, Canada, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, India and Nigeria. Fueled by the increasing use of prescription drugs by an aging population, scientific advances leading to the introduction of new drugs and the emerging trend of pharmacists becoming directly involved in patient care across the world, PharmD program opens opportunities for pharmacy graduates to practice in US and other countries currently running PharmD and several new job prospects in academic/research institutions, hospitals, community pharmacies, glossary stores and NGOs and increase overall respect for the pharmacist. University of Benin has made inexorable bold steps in starting the program and this has now opened opportunities for other faculties of pharmacy in Nigeria. However, accreditation of the program by relevant bodies, slow progress in PharmD implementation by many faculties of pharmacy, low level of appropriate academic manpower, disparity within the pharmacy profession, rivalry between pharmacists and doctors, adequate remuneration for PharmD holders in public service, limited faculties of pharmacy, limited number of pharmacy technicians to assist pharmacists in dispensing functions and development/enforcement of areas of specialization for pharmacists in hospital and community practice are areas of major challenges in Nigeria. Like the health care delivery system itself, the PharmD program cannot thrive in isolation in the face of so much emerging technological innovations and uncertainties making it critical for pharmacists to create forward thinking and flexible vision of the PharmD program and the roles other health care professionals play in the evolving health care system. Keywords : Health care delivery; Patient-centred pharmacy practice; Pharmacist; Pharmacy education Nigerian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research , Vol. 9 No 1 pp. 30 - 48 (February 2011)
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.005 | 0.007 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.017 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".