Epidemiological Significance of Crown Rot in the Fruiting Field in Relation to <i>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</i> Infection of Strawberry Nursery Plants
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Anthracnose crown rot (ACR), caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, is a serious disease of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) in the southeastern United States, and there is a need to determine the link between nursery and fruiting-field disease risk. A 2-year study in 2007, repeated in 2008, was conducted at the North Carolina State University Horticultural Crops Research Station, Clinton, using ‘Chandler’, the most popular cultivar in North Carolina and one that is highly susceptible to ACR. Mother plants in a summer nursery were inoculated midseason with three pathogenic strains of C. gloeosporioides at an incidence level of 0, 5, 10, or 25%. Asymptomatic runner plants were selected at maturity (85 to 88 days after inoculation) from the nursery in early to mid-October from within a 0.5-m (inner) or 0.5- to 1.0-m (outer) radius around inoculated mother plants and planted into a plasticulture fruiting field system, with fruit harvest in April to June the following spring. Plants collected from the 25%-inner treatment had the greatest area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) values, with a terminal ACR-related plant mortality of 32 and 20% by the end of fruit harvest and marketable yield losses of 30.5 and 30.2% in 2007–08 (Yr1) and 2008–09 (Yr2) seasons, respectively. All treatments increased AUDPC values compared with noninoculated treatments except the 10%-outer (O) and 5%-O treatments in Yr1 and Yr2, respectively. Marketable yield decreased 291.6 kg/ha for every percent increase in inoculum level (i.e., 0 to 25%, R2 = 0.696, P = 0.001). Levels of quiescent infection (QI) incidence (percentage of sampled leaves) assessed 25 to 28 days before digging runner plants also directly affected yield. For example, yield decreased 131.0 kg/ha for every percent increase in QI incidence in mother plants (R2 = 0.744, P = 0.001). Immersion of plants in fungicide solutions prior to planting decreased AUDPC values and improved plant stand by 7 to 11% but did not affect marketable yield compared with controls. This study provides results that can enable nursery and fruit growers to assess risk and implement mitigation measures to limit nursery plant and fruit yield losses.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".