The role of trust in the internationalisation of knowledge-intensive small and medium enterprises
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the internationalisation of knowledge-intensive SMEs, or KI-SMEs, trust can play a significant role in facilitating the introduction of these SMEs to a complex constellation of networks and relationships. This study of four contrasting cases, two from Quebec and two from Bogota, takes an in-depth look at the role of trust in their internationalisation processes. Results emphasise the primary role of trust in all of its forms: interpersonal, interorganisational, institutional and competence-based. All KI-SMEs used trust to gain legitimacy in new markets. Certain disparities have been identified. Firms from 'low-trust societies' (Colombia) privileged a gradual process of legitimacy-building based on certified competencies, successful experiences and the establishment of interpersonal trust relationships at the international level. Entrepreneurs from 'high-trust societies' (Canada) tended to rely on experts to help them more rapidly gain legitimacy in international markets. The path to internationalisation was even longer for young, inexperienced entrepreneurs, notwithstanding their origin and is industry driven.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.021 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.008 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".