High Prevalence of Antibodies to the Heparin-Platelet Factor 4 Complex in Hemodialysis Patients.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia is a serious complication of systemic heparin therapy. Patients with this disorder develop antibodies to the heparin-platelet factor 4 (H-PF4) complex. Patients with H-PF4 antibodies are at higher risk of venous and arterial thrombosis independently of the platelet count. Hemodialysis (HD) patients are repeatedly exposed to heparin to prevent thrombosis of the extra-corporeal circuit. However, thrombosis remains a frequent complication of vascular access, which accounts for up to 20% of all hospitalization in HD patients. Studies to date on H-PF4 antibody and vascular access thrombosis in HD patients have produced conflicting data but have been limited by small sample sizes. We sough to determine the prevalence of H-PF4 antibodies in a large cohort of HD patients and the correlation with vascular access thrombosis. Pre-dialysis blood samples were drawn on 419 HD patients; 107 cases with access thrombosis and 312 controls that never had access thrombosis. H-PF4 antibodies were measured twice using an ELISA (GTI PF4 Enhanced, GTI Diagnostics). The average of the two measurements was used in this analysis. All patients received unfractionated heparin while on dialysis. The mean age was 64 16 yrs with 62% male patients. Antibodies to H-PF4 were positive in 54 (12.9%) patients. H-PF4 antibodies were present in 10 (10.5%) of patients with confirmed access thrombosis and in 44 (15.1%) of controls. Hemodialysis with repeated exposure to systemic unfractionated heparin is associated with a high prevalence of H-PF4 antibodies. Although H-PF4 antibodies contribute to hypercoagulability leading to thrombotic complications, our results are not supporting a correlation between H-PF4 antibodies and vascular access thrombosis. Given the potential for venous and arterial thrombosis and the implications of our findings further investigations are needed in this population.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".