CRONO: a fast and reconfigurable macro X‐ray fluorescence scanner for <i>in‐situ</i> investigations of polychrome surfaces
Bibliographic record
Abstract
CRONO is a new portable and easy reconfigurable macro X‐ray fluorescence scanner based on the energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence technique, which has been specifically designed for in‐situ , fast, and non‐invasive elemental mapping of polychrome surfaces. The main components are fully integrated into the detection head which includes an X‐ray tube, a large area silicon drift detector, a microscope camera, two pointing lasers, a Helium gas purging set, and fast acquisition electronics. This very compact detection head is mounted on motorized stages (with a linear speed up to 45 mm/s) that allow the scanning of areas up to 450 × 600 mm 2 . Three collimators (0.5, 1, and 2‐mm diameter) are software selectable to obtain different spot sizes on the sample. The typical measurement time for the full scanned area ranges from 1 h with the 2‐mm collimator to about 9 h with the 0.5‐mm collimator using a dwell time of 30 ms. Technical details and achievable performances of the instrument are presented and discussed along with an example of application which illustrates the value of the developed instrument in the investigation of paintings. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".