Place of residence and maternal health behaviours
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background ‘Neighbourhood' is a relevant context for understanding health disparities yet few studies have examined neighbourhood effects on maternal health. Our study explored neighbourhood variation in maternal health behaviours in a Canadian city and determined the influence of neighbourhood characteristics on behaviours. Methods This population-based study used aggregate data from a perinatal database and Census of Canada. Health behaviours of interest were no first trimester visit, smoking in pregnancy, and formula feeding. Data were geocoded to the neighbourhood level (census tract) in Hamilton, a large industrial city. Standardized rates for behaviours and neighbourhood-level variables were calculated, and maps were created to reveal spatial patterns. Regression analyses were done to predict each health behaviour against neighbourhood-level variables. An invitational meeting was held with stakeholders to discuss the implications of study findings. Results There were clear geographic spatial patterns for the health behaviours, with higher rates clustered in downtown and industrial areas of the city. In all three regression models, neighbourhood characteristics of (1) percent persons living in poverty, (2) percent females unemployed, (3) percent females with low education, and (4) percent immigrants were predictive of behaviours, with the first three characteristics having positive associations and the latter having a negative association. Conclusions Findings are consistent with other studies that suggest the relative importance of place of residence in determining health. The contextual factors influencing health behaviour are diverse and research is needed to understand their complex interplay and the underlying mechanisms by which neighbourhood impacts maternal health behaviours. Stakeholders recommended that residents be engaged and partnerships between neighbourhood and public health be strengthened to effect changes to promote healthy behaviours. The need for a broader policy approach also was identified. Key messages Place of residence is important in determining maternal health behaviours Research is needed to understand the complexity of factors and mechanisms underlying maternal health behaviour
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".