An Exploration of Virtual Visitation as an Option in Divorce Proceedings
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A new approach to visitation and access has recently entered the realm of separation and divorce cases within the family court system: virtual visitation. Virtual visitation has been defined as “the use of email, instant messaging, webcams, and other internet tools to provide regular contact between a non-custodial parent and his or her child” (Back Van Horn, 2008, p. 171). Judges are increasingly supporting the use of virtual visitation as a method to maintain parent-child contact in custody cases between children and their non-custodial parents (Gottfried, 2003). With the increasing use of virtual visitation in family law matters, there is a growing debate about whether virtual visitation should complement, enhance, and/or substitute for face to face contact between children and their parents after separation and divorce. Currently, there is no consensus on the role that virtual visitation should play in parenting plans, nor are there existing guidelines on its use. One possible reason for the emergence of virtual visitation onto the separation and divorce scene is the increase in use of information and communication technologies. Children and youth use technology such as the internet more than any other medium to communicate and socialize (Kaynay & Yelsma, 2000; Nie & Hillygus, 2002). Today, the technology required to communicate online is both widely available and relatively affordable. A 2010 Statistics Canada survey found that 80% of Canadian households now have access to the internet (Statistics Canada, 2010), and that Canadians spend almost twice as much time using the internet as the international average (ComScore, 2011). The rapid increase in use of the internet and other forms of technology such as text messages, instant messaging, email, social networking sites, and webcams has enabled children and youth to engage in a vast array of experiences beyond the confines of their homes, schools, and local communities (Gross, 2004; Lenhart & Madden, 2007; Wolak, Mitchell, & Finkelhor, 2003). The rapidly increasing use of information and communication technologies has created a new forum through which parents and children can stay connected as an alternative to face-to-face contact. The growth of online technologies for parent-child communications has provided a new form of communication between children and parents within the context of separation and divorce. With the increasing number of requests for virtual visitation in family courts, it is important to consider the use of these technologies and their impact on parent-child relationships within the context of separation and divorce.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.011 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.016 | 0.018 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.016 | 0.014 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.014 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.013 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".