Interim and long-term low-GWP refrigerant solutions for air conditioning.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper will update on the feasibility status from the global test research efforts for ‘interim’ near drop-in refrigerants with low global warming potential (LGWP) with focus on R410A replacement for Unitary A/C & H/P. R32 and the HFO blends offer near drop-in solutions with a reasonable balance of trade-offs among GWP, efficiency, A2L flammability, and cost after  the building codes are available for commercialization. With the advent of further GWP phase down driven by the December 2015 Climate Change Agreement in Paris coupled with the imminent U.S. EPA SNAP de-listing and the U.S. DOE mandating new higher efficiency standards taking effect in 2020+, there is even more pressure for finding ‘long-term’ refrigerant solutions to meet the 15-20% GWP cap for 2030+ that can sustain efficiency, reduce charge requirement and are affordable. Theoretical and test results from various compressor and system tests with R32 and the HFO blends will be presented as ‘interim’ 2020+ solutions. Long-term 2030+ solutions and their tradeoffs are conceptualized and discussed for typical A/C residential and commercial applications from both GWP and LCCP standpoint including implications on HVAC system architecture. Â
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.018 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".