Quantitative characterization of shales within tidally influenced fluvial valley fill deposits of the Ferron Sandstone, eastern Utah: Implications for hydrocarbon exploration
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT This study evaluates the proportion, length, and effective properties of thin (0.003–0.7 m [0.01–2.3 ft]) shale beds and drapes in tidally influenced channels within a compound valley fill with a focus on estimating geologically based effective rock properties. The Cretaceous Ferron Sandstone is an outcrop analog for fluvial–tidal systems with primary reservoirs being deposited as tidally influenced valley filling point bars. The study outcrops expose three valley systems in Neilson Wash of Utah. Light detection and ranging–derived digital outcrop models have been used to characterize shale length, width, thickness, and frequency of each valley fill succession. Long, uncommon, and anisotropic shales in valley 1 (V1) were deposited in a braided setting with little tidal influence. In contrast, shales in valley 2 (V2) were abundant, short, common, and equidimensional, suggesting deposition by more tidally influenced meandering rivers. Short, frequent, and equidimensional shales in valley 3 (V3) were deposited in single-thread meandering rivers with less tidal influence. A sandstone–shale model was used to estimate the effects of shales on vertical to horizontal permeability ratio (). The unique character of each depositional unit was reflected in resultant distributions. The valley fill deposits, V1, V2, and V3, had average ratios of 0.11, 0.09, and 0.17, respectively. More tidally influenced reservoirs such as the studied V2 had short but frequent shales, which resulted in low estimates. Estimates of for valleys that predominantly contained fluvial point bar deposits with lesser tidal influence (V1 and V3) were higher. The results of this study highlight the link between shale heterogeneity, reservoir architecture, and inferred flow parameters.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".