18F-PET/CT imaging of metastasis to the thyroid gland: Imaging findings and effect on patient management
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Purpose: While metastasis to the thyroid from a primary cancer remote to the thyroid is uncommon, current imaging techniqueshave improved detection of these intrathyroid metastases. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the 18F-PET/CT appearanceof intrathyroid metastases and assess the impact of detection on patient management.Methods: The 18F-PET/CT appearance of intrathyroid metastasis, including standardized uptake value (SUV), disease extent,and the effect on patient management following diagnosis were retrospectively reviewed. Inclusion criteria included 18F-PET/CTimaging and diagnosis of the intrathyroid metastasis matching the remote primary tumor.Results: Intrathyroid metastasis were detected in 24 patients. The intrathyroid metastases presented on 18F-PET/CT as focalnodular uptake (n = 21), multiple nodular uptake (n = 2), or diffuse uptake/infiltration of the thyroid gland (n = 1). The SUVranged between 3.9 and 42 (median 12.5 ± 7.5); in 2 patients, the FDG-avidity was minimal. On 18F-PET/CT, distant metastaseswere present outside the neck (n = 18), or limited to the neck (n = 6). In 2 of these 6 patients, the thyroid was the only site ofmetastatic disease. Due to the metastatic disease, the therapy was changed in 23 of 24 patients; 1 patient was lost to follow-up.Conclusion: In any patient with a previous or current history of an extrathyroid malignancy, an 18FDG-avid thyroid mass ordiffuse infiltration of the thyroid on 18F-PET/CT should be considered a potential intrathyoid metastasis until proven otherwise.Knowledge of an intrathyroid metastasis may impact patient management, especially if the thyroid or neck are the only sites ofmetastatic disease.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".