Implementation of the circuit showing the characteristics of the double negative materials
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In 1968, Veselago proposed the material that had simultaneously negative permittivity ε and permeability μ, which means ε < 0 and μ < 0 [1], and hence, this material has been called as double negative (DNG) material [2]. Veselago proved its unusual characteristics which does not exist in nature, such as a negative refractive index (NRI), negative wave vector k, negative group velocity v <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">p</inf> , left-handed set (k, E, H), backward-wave (k is anti-parallel to Poynting vector S), and negative group velocity v <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">g</inf> . After about three decades, periodic structures comprised of split-ring resonators [3] and conductive strips have been developed by Smith [4] and verified as having a NRI and negative group velocity within very narrow band around resonant frequency [5], but being lossy. Other approaches using series capacitors and shunt inductors (C-L configuration) [6] have been extensively studied by Itoh [7] and Eleftheriade's groups [8]. Theses C-L networks having NRI are broad band and low loss, but do not provide the negative group velocity of Veselago's DNG material, which is discussed later. Recently, Mojahedi's group [9] has proposed a transmission line made of the C-L configuration and the embedded RLC resonator circuits that has presented a NRI and negative group velocity, but heavily mismatched and lossy because of its embedded resistor.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".