Implementation of the circuit showing the characteristics of the double negative materials
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In 1968, Veselago proposed the material that had simultaneously negative permittivity ε and permeability μ, which means εp, left-handed set (k, E, H), backward-wave (k is anti-parallel to Poynting vector S), and negative group velocity vg. After about three decades, periodic structures comprised of split-ring resonators [3] and conductive strips have been developed by Smith [4] and verified as having a NRI and negative group velocity within very narrow band around resonant frequency [5], but being lossy. Other approaches using series capacitors and shunt inductors (C-L configuration) [6] have been extensively studied by Itoh [7] and Eleftheriade's groups [8]. Theses C-L networks having NRI are broad band and low loss, but do not provide the negative group velocity of Veselago's DNG material, which is discussed later. Recently, Mojahedi's group [9] has proposed a transmission line made of the C-L configuration and the embedded RLC resonator circuits that has presented a NRI and negative group velocity, but heavily mismatched and lossy because of its embedded resistor.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.018 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".