Comparison of Accuracy Between <sup>13</sup>C- and <sup>14</sup>C-Urea Breath Testing: Is an Indeterminate-Results Category Still Needed?
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
<i>Helicobacter pylori</i> infection is the leading cause of peptic ulcer disease. The purpose of this study was, first, to assess the difference in the distribution of negative versus positive results between the older <sup>14</sup>C-urea breath test and the newer <sup>13</sup>C-urea breath test and, second, to determine whether use of an indeterminate-results category is still meaningful and what type of results should trigger repeated testing. <b>Methods:</b> A retrospective survey was performed of all consecutive patients referred to our service for urea breath testing. We analyzed 562 patients who had undergone testing with <sup>14</sup>C-urea and 454 patients who had undergone testing with <sup>13</sup>C-urea. <b>Results:</b> In comparison with the wide distribution of negative <sup>14</sup>C results, negative <sup>13</sup>C results were distributed farther from the cutoff and were grouped more tightly around the mean negative value. Distribution analysis of the negative results for <sup>13</sup>C testing, compared with those for <sup>14</sup>C testing, revealed a statistically significant difference between the two. Within the <sup>13</sup>C group, only 1 patient could have been classified as having indeterminate results using the same indeterminate zone as was used for the <sup>14</sup>C group. This is significantly less frequent than what was found for the <sup>14</sup>C group. <b>Discussion:</b> Borderline-negative results do occur with <sup>13</sup>C-urea breath testing, although less frequently than with <sup>14</sup>C-urea breath testing, and we will be carefully monitoring differences falling between 3.0 and 3.5 %Δ. <sup>13</sup>C-urea breath testing is safe and simple for the patient and, in most cases, provides clearer positive or negative results for the clinician.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it