Identity, equality and participation: testing the dimensions of citizenship in Canada and Belgium
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT/RESUME The main purpose of the present paper is to develop the scientific concept of citizenship. In this article, we present two recent research projects concerned with the simultaneous measure of the multiple dimensions of citizenship at the individual level and the identification of the relations and distinctions between them, one such study conducted on a sample of young Canadian citizens, the second on a Belgian sample composed of Belgian citizens and Turkish and Moroccan non-national residents of Belgium. Although their methodology differs considerably, both studies identified three core, theoretical dimensions that are remarkably similar and coincide with those discussed in related empirical studies and theoretical models: identity, social equality, and norms, and participation. Results reveal common tendencies, notably the possibility of a link between aspects of identity and participation, as well as variations suggesting that the relationship among variables is more complex than one might wish for in a citizenship model aspiring to universality. Although officials need to have access to a relatively clear definition of what citizenship encompasses, this implies a certain normalization of an ideal that might not reflect actual forms of citizenship present in the population. Such research can thus contribute to the development of public policies that relate the associated needs to forms of citizenship as these are experienced by ordinary citizens in their daily life. Le principal objectif de cet article est le developpement du concept scientifique de citoyennete. Nous presenterons deux projets de recherche recents visant a mesurer simultanement les multiples dimensions de la citoyennete individuelle et a identifier les relations et distinctions entre ces dimensions, l'un realise aupres de jeunes citoyens canadiens et le second aupres d'un echantillon belge compose de citoyens belges et de Turcs et Marocains residant en Belgique. Bien que leurs methodologies respectives different considerablement, les deux etudes ont identifie trois dimensions principales qui sont remarquablement similaires et coincident avec celles qu'on retrouve dans d'autres etudes empiriques et modeles theoriques : identite, egalite et normes sociales, et participation. Les resultats revelent des tendances communes, notamment la possibilite d'une lien entre les aspects identitaires et participatifs, de meme que des variations qui suggerent que la relation entre les variables est plus complexe que dans les modeles universels de citoyennete. Bien que les decideurs doivent avoir acces a une definition claire de ce que le concept de citoyennete recouvre, ceci implique une certaine nonnalisation d'un iddal qui ne correspond peut-etre pas aux formes de citoyennete presentes au sein de la population. De telles recherches peuvent donc contribuer au developpement de politiques publiques qui refletent les besoins associes aux formes de citoyennete vecues par les citoyens ordinaires dans leur vie quotidienne. INTRODUCTION The main purpose of this paper is to develop the scientific concept of citizenship. Social psychologists are accustomed to multidimensional concepts, their scope and dimensions being precisely circumscribed by factor analysis and by research data that also show how these dimensions are correlated. Although these dimensions can be considered to measure different constructs, their covariation reveals their relationship. Very few studies address the simultaneous measure of the multiple dimensions of citizenship at the individual level and the identification of the relations and distinctions between them. In this article, we present two such recent research projects, one conducted on a sample of young citizens in three Canadian provinces, the second on a Belgian sample composed of Belgian citizens and non-national Turkish and Moroccan residents of Belgium. We first review theoretical dimensions of citizenship and the comparability of the Canadian and Belgian contexts, and then present the two studies and their results. …
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.022 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.007 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.013 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".