A genetic female mouse model with congenital genitourinary anomalies and adult stages of urinary incontinence
Bibliographic record
Abstract
AIMS To characterize the urinary incontinence observed in adult Gli2+/−; Gli3Δ699/+ female mice and identify the defects underlying the condition. METHODS Gli2+/− and Gli3Δ699/+ mice were crossed to generate: wild‐type, mutant Gli2 (Gli2+/−), mutant Gli3 (Gli3Δ699/+), and double mutant (Gli2+/−; Gli3Δ699/+) female mice, verified via Polymerase Chain Reactions. Bladder functional studies including cystometrogram (CMG), leak point pressure (LPP), and voiding testing were performed on adult female mice. Female bladders and urethras were also analyzed via ink injection and histological assays. RESULTS CMG tracing showed no signal corresponding to the filling of the Gli2+/−; Gli3Δ699/+ bladders. LPP were significantly reduced in Gli2+/−; Gli3Δ699/+ mice compared to wild‐type mice. CMG studies revealed a decrease in peak micturition pressure values in Gli2+/−; Gli3Δ699/+ mice compared with all other groups. No significant differences between mutant and wild‐type mice were detected in urinary output. Histological analyses revealed Gli2+/−; Gli3Δ699/+ mice exhibited a widened urethra and a decrease in smooth muscle layer thickness in the bladder outlet and urethra, with increased mucosal folding. CONCLUSIONS Gli2+/−; Gli3Δ699/+ adult female mice display persistent urinary incontinence due to the malformation of the bladder outlet and urethra. This presents a consistent and reliable genetic mouse model for female urinary incontinence and alludes to the key role of genetic factors involved in the condition.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".