Electrosynthesis of Glycerol Carbonate from Glycerol and Potassium Carbonate on Nickel Electrodes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The reaction of glycerol and carbonate ions to produce glycerol carbonate, a valuable chemical feedstock, would solve both a glycerol problem for biorefineries and carbon dioxide emissions. The electrosynthesis of glycerol carbonate has been performed under ambient temperature and pressure on nickel plate electrodes, using potassium carbonate dissolved in glycerol with varying water concentrations. Analysis by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) with analytical standards showed the reaction produced exclusively the more valuable 5-membered-ring glycerol-1,2-carbonate, instead of the 6-membered-ring glycerol-1,3-carbonate, likely due to steric hindrance. LC-MS analysis further revealed C=O bond hydrogenation and dimerization of glycerol carbonate. Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) suggests the reaction follows an Electrochemical-Chemical (EC) mechanism. The brown color evolved from the anode indicated oxidative formation of brown polyacrolein as by-product. Addition of water was found to be beneficial by reducing heating requirements and resistive loss. From the results, the electrochemical formation of glycerol carbonate was successfully demonstrated.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".