GnRH Agonist-Induced Up-Regulation of Estrogen Receptors in Bovine Endometrium.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Endometrium is one of the primary target sites for the action of ovarian steroids estrogen and progesterone. These hormones exert their action through their corresponding nuclear receptors. Estrogen receptors(ER α and ER β) are shown to be present in bovine endometrium during follicular and luteal phases of estrous cycle, bovine ovaries and placentomes, and ER α has been reported to be a predominant estrogen receptor in endometrium. Uterine functions such as cellular proliferation, gamete transport and implantation are influenced by estrogen by acting through its corresponding receptors. We, most recently demonstrated the presence of Gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor (GnRH-R) in bovine endometrium at both mRNA and protein levels, during both follicular and luteal phases of the estrous cycle. GnRH is widely used in bovine reproductive management; including estrous and ovulation synchronization, induction of ovulation, post partum cyclicity, cystic ovarian disease and to increase pregnancy rates. However, there is clear lack of information on its local modulatory role in endometrium. We find the co-existence of GnRH-R and estrogen receptors as interesting as there are prior reports about ligand independent activation of steroid hormone receptors. Whether GnRH through its receptors could regulate estrogen receptors in normal endometrium is still not known. This study for the first time examined the GnRH induced regulation of ER α and ER β in bovine endometrium. Uteri belonging to follicular and luteal phases of the estrous cycle were collected from the local abattoir and transported to lab within one hour to obtain endometrial explants. 100 mg of explant tissues were cultured under humidified atmosphere and after 20 h incubation, treated with different doses of GnRH agonist - buserelin (0, 200, 500, and 1000 ng/mL), GnRH antagonist - antide (500 ng/mL) and a combination of antide (500ng/mL) and buserelin (200ng/mL) for 6 h. Two µg of total RNA extracted from each treatment was reverse transcribed using commercial available kit and the mRNA levels of ER α and ER β were assessed by a semi-quantitative RT-PCR and using gene specific primers. G3PDH was used as an internal control. Optical intensity of individual bands was analyzed by Scion imaging beta and statistically analyzed by comparing to control, and by using student t test. This study revealed that GnRH at the dose of 200ng/mL up-regulated ER α mRNA in endometrial explants and this effect was more pronounced (P≤0.05) in the luteal phase endometrium. mRNA levels of ER β were not altered during the experimental period. GnRH induced up regulation of ER α could have potential implications on reproductive process such as gamete transport, cellular proliferation, uterine receptivity, implantation and maintenance of normal physiological status of the uterus and increase our understanding of the molecular basis of reproductive functions at the endometrial level.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".