Persistence of Spotted Knapweed (Centaurea stoebe L.) in Restored Native Plant Communities at the Bass River Recreation Area, Ottawa County, Michigan
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Invasive species, such as spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe L.), impose a huge threat to the reestablishment of native plant communities on degraded sites across the Midwestern United States. Twelve treatment combinations and their effects on densities of all life stages of knapweed have been studied in the Bass River Recreation Area, Ottawa County, Michigan since 2008. Treatments included site preparation by either mowing or mowing with herbicide applications, followed by seeding of native grasses and forbs. Additional treatments included annual burning or hand-pulling of mature knapweed. Knapweed densities in the seedbank, seedling, juvenile and adult stages were sampled on the 48 plots in 2015. The effects of treatments varied among the life stages of knapweed, but all treatments have reduced knapweed densities in comparison to untreated plots. Burning and hand-pulling treatments both significantly decreased adult densities, but only hand-pulling had significant impacts on the other three life stages. Burning effects have been slow to develop, and it is likely that continued burning treatments will also decrease knapweed densities at all life stages, and encourage the growth of native vegetation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".