Bibliographic record
Abstract
The homelands of honey bees are Asia, Europe and Africa where they have been living for millions of years. Apis mellifera is the most common and the economically important species in the Apis genus. There are many races (subspecies) of A. mellifera which are adapted to different geographic regions and many ecotypes adapted to different ecological conditions within the races. The most common and economically important races are the Italian (A.m. ligustica), Carniolan (A. m. carnica), Caucasian (Apis m. caucasica), and the Anatolian (A.m. anatoliaca) honey bees. The Italian bees are light yellow colored, gentle, excellent honey and royal jelly producers. Their colony growth rate is high, swarming tendency is low but robbing tendency is strong. They are well adapted to different climatic conditions from sub tropical to temperate and they have been used extensively in many countries including the USA, Canada, China and Australia. The Carniolan bees are similar to the Italian bees morphologically except the body color. They are dark colored gentle bees, overwinter with a small population, and therefore consume very little honey during the winter but grow fast in the early spring and tend to swarm. Caucasian bees are grey dark colored, gentle and productive bees with low swarming tendency and they are adapted to highlands and temperate climates. Therefore they collect much propolis, their spring development is slower than the other races but they build up strong colonies during the summer and produce much honey. They tend to rob the weak colonies same as the Italian bees. The anatolian bees are the most common bees in Turkey. They are more aggressive than the Italian, Carniolan and Caucacian bees. They have many ecotypes adapted to different regions and showing great variation in terms of body color, productivity, morphological and physiological characters. The most common ecotypes are the Mugla bees and the Central Anatolian bees. The crosses between the Mugla queens and the Caucasian drones showed hybrid vigor and their honey production was 97 % higher than the pure Caucasian colonies. Honey production, colony development rate and the gentleness of the Caucasian, Muğla and Anatolian bees should be improved by breeding and these genotypes should be preserved in their homelands. Moreover, Italian and Carniolan stocks improved on honey production and gentleness also should be used and the performances of the Italian x Caucasian and the Carniolan x Caucasian crosses should be tested in different regions in order to take advantage of the desirable characteristics of these races.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.053 | 0.029 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".