Sharing the Benefits of Tourism: A Case Study in Hainan, China
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Public participation has long been recognized as a tool for balancing power in decision making and to spread the benefits of development projects. However, empowerment is a long-term and continuing process. In a top-down development context such as China, the sharing of benefits is likely to precede involvement in decision making. This paper reports a case study of community displacement as a result of tourism development in Hainan Province, China. It illustrates the encouraging process whereby the resettled villagers prepared for participation and became involved in the surrounding tourism development. The productive energies and creative talents which had been previously bottled up by minority cultures and traditions were opened up after the move, and the villagers began to demonstrate enhanced desires and abilities to share in the benefits of tourism. The paper demonstrates that they are able to articulate their needs and desires, if given the opportunity. However, it is hard for the minority Li villagers to participate and achieve significant benefits with their own efforts alone. Outside political, financial and technical help is required if they are to move up the participation spiral. La participation publique a longtemps ete reconnue comme un outil pour equilibrer le pouvoir dans le processus de prise de decision et pour repartir les avantages des projets de developpement. Cependant, le renforcement du pouvoir est un processus a long terme et continu. Dans un contexte de gestion hierarchique du developpement comme on le retrouve en Chine, le partage des avantages est susceptible de venir avant la participation au processus de decision. On presente dans ce rapport une etude de cas sur le deplacement d’une collectivite en raison du developpement touristique dans la province de Hainan, en Chine. On souligne le processus encourageant par lequel les villageois reinstalles se sont prepares a la participation et ont pris part au developpement du tourisme environnant. Les energies productives et les talents createurs qui avaient auparavant ete bâillonnes en raison du caractere minoritaire de cette culture et des traditions ont enfin ete liberes, et les villageois ont commence a faire preuve de leurs habiletes et de leurs desirs grandissants de retirer certains avantages du tourisme. On demontre dans cet article qu’ils etaient en mesure d’articuler leurs besoins et leurs desirs, si on leur en laissait l’occasion. Toutefois, il est difficile pour les villageois de la minorite Li de retirer des avantages significatifs par leurs seuls efforts. Hormis l’aide politique, une aide financiere et technique est donc necessaire afin qu’ils puissent gravir des echelons en matiere de participation aux avantages.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".