The Emergence of a New Battleground: Liability for Secondary Market Violations in Ontario
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
During the past decade, Canada has seen a dramatic rise in securities class action lawsuits. The vast majority of these lawsuits have been filed in Ontario, the location of Canada's principal public securities market, the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX). The most likely explanation for this development is the enactment of section 138 of the Ontario Securities Act in 2005, otherwise known as Bill 198.\nIn this article, the authors provide illustrative data from Ontario to evidence the recent growth of securities class action filings. The article discusses the section 138 amendments, including such provisions as secondary market liability, certification of class status, and the monetary ceiling on liability. Also, the article examines some key differences between the Ontario Securities Act and the United States Securities Exchange Act.\nThe authors conclude that because of the plaintiff-friendly provisions found in the Ontario Securities Act, combined with favorable court decisions, U.S. investors will likely seek to litigate future claims that have a sufficient nexus to Canada in the Canadian courts. Moreover, court decisions that certify a global class will shape future litigation in Canada. Due to these developments securities class actions in Canada (and particularly Ontario) should remain vibrant and may well provide a forum for adequate redress for non-Canadian investors in appropriate cases.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it