Large odd order character sums and improvements of the Pólya-Vinogradov inequality
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
For a primitive Dirichlet character <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="chi"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mi> χ </mml:mi> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\chi</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> modulo <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="q"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mi>q</mml:mi> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">q</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> , we define <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper M left-parenthesis chi right-parenthesis equals max Underscript t Endscripts StartAbsoluteValue sigma-summation Underscript n less-than-or-equal-to t Endscripts chi left-parenthesis n right-parenthesis EndAbsoluteValue"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>M</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi> χ </mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:munder> <mml:mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">max</mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:munder> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mo stretchy="false">|</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:munder> <mml:mo> ∑ </mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo> ≤ </mml:mo> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:munder> <mml:mi> χ </mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mo stretchy="false">|</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">M(\chi )=\max _{t } |\sum _{n \leq t} \chi (n)|</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> . In this paper, we study this quantity for characters of a fixed odd order <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="g greater-than-or-equal-to 3"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>g</mml:mi> <mml:mo> ≥ </mml:mo> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">g\geq 3</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> . Our main result provides a further improvement of the classical Pólya-Vinogradov inequality in this case. More specifically, we show that for any such character <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="chi"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mi> χ </mml:mi> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\chi</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> we have <disp-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper M left-parenthesis chi right-parenthesis much-less-than Subscript epsilon Baseline StartRoot q EndRoot left-parenthesis log q right-parenthesis Superscript 1 minus delta Super Subscript g Superscript Baseline left-parenthesis log log q right-parenthesis Superscript negative 1 slash 4 plus epsilon Baseline comma"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>M</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi> χ </mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mo> ≪ </mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi> ε </mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:msqrt> <mml:mi>q</mml:mi> </mml:msqrt> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>log</mml:mi> <mml:mo> </mml:mo> <mml:mi>q</mml:mi> <mml:msup> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo> − </mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi> δ </mml:mi> <mml:mi>g</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>log</mml:mi> <mml:mo> </mml:mo> <mml:mi>log</mml:mi> <mml:mo> </mml:mo> <mml:mi>q</mml:mi> <mml:msup> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mo> − </mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>4</mml:mn> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi> ε </mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\begin{equation*} M(\chi )\ll _{\varepsilon } \sqrt {q}(\log q)^{1-\delta _g}(\log \log q)^{-1/4+\varepsilon }, \end{equation*}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </disp-formula> where <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="delta Subscript g Baseline colon-equal 1 minus StartFraction g Over pi EndFraction sine left-parenthesis pi slash g right-parenthesis"> <mml
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it