Soil Pollution: A Case Study on the Determination of Toxic Elements in Soil in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A considerable increase in the population of Jeddah City and the construction of new residential areas in the last few years has been noticed. Thus, a total of 23 soil samples were collected from three different areas of Sewage Lake, namely, Area A (polluted; the highest concentration of toxic elements), Area B (Southeast), and Area C (Northwest) for the analysis of toxic elements. The soil samples were digested by acid digestion to quantify the As, Co, Cr, Hg, Ni, V, Pb, and Zn using Inductively Coupled Plasma- Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). Zn has the highest concentration in all studied areas (4821±10.2 mg/kg for A, 1108.6±9.5 mg/kg for B and 2339.8±8.7 mg/kg for C). On the other hand, Cr concentration was found 872±2.5 mg/kg for A, 1128±5.4 mg/kg for B and 680±3.4 mg/kg for C. These elements were above the level of the quality guidelines (300 mg/kg for Zn and 4.0 mg/kg for Cr). In majority of the area C samples, the concentration of Hg was found below the detection limit. The results indicated that the area A has a significantly higher metal contents as it is an inference polluted area. Hence, it is influencing the level of metal concentrations in area B, and area C might be due to wind spread. The indiscriminate disposal of hazardous waste in the study area causes a significant source of the soil contamination.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".