From Cohabitation to Marriage when a Child Is on the Way. A Comparison of three Former Socialist Countries: Romania, Bulgaria and Hungary
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Recent research shows that in Eastern European countries more partnerships begin as consensual unions than direct marriages, but that few couples remain in this living arrangement after conceiving or giving birth to a child since marriage continues to be the preferred context for childbearing and childrearing. This article investigates first time cohabitating women and their transition to marriage once a child is conceived or born in three former socialist countries. We conduct our analysis based on data from the Generations and Gender Survey and we model the duration of cohabitation. Conversion rate is the highest in Bulgaria and lowest in Hungary and highest during the first three years of relationships in all countries. During socialism, due to strong social pressures, once pregnancy occurred during cohabitation, there was a rush to marry before it become visible to others. After 1989, although pregnancy still triggers marriage, this happens at a later stage of the pregnancy against a background of decreased normative pressure in shaping people’s behaviors. In Romania and Bulgaria there is a positive educational gradient for conversion from cohabitation into marriage which is lacking in Hungary. In Romania and Bulgaria, cohabitation as a prelude to marriage or as a stage in the marital process appears to be a pattern for higher educated women, while the least educated persist in their non-marital behavior throughout their life course. In Hungary a pregnancy increases the marriage risks for all educational categories but does so least in case of high educated women.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".