Re-Examination of Federal Theories: Prospect and Challenges
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Literally and historically federalism is the result of an agreement. It is when two or more sovereign States resolve to surrender a part of their sovereignty and join hands to constitute a new nation, a federal polity is born. It is a union without the constituting units losing their own identities (Kashyap, 2012). Irrespective of any variant of federal polity, federalism is relevant only in a situation where the pluralism is territorially based, where particular groups are concentrated in separate territorial units or where the societal diversities are territorially identifiable, definable and separable. It is an arrangement between separate territorial entities to come together or to avoid break-up and stay united by sharing power through free democratic will. In fact, in large nations with multiplicity of diversities, federalism is the only way to democracy. It is also generally understood that the actual functioning of the federal system in any country does not depend on the nature of the constitution or the general legal framework but on the various factors that influence the political processes in the country. The paper aims to analyze and highlight the recent challenges faced by various federal systems all over the world. The changing circumstances like economic crisis, global war, globalization and international terrorism and launching of functional federalism provide a strong input on the subject for a re-examination of various approaches to make it more effective, purposeful and development-oriented.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.019 | 0.019 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.007 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.048 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.011 | 0.026 |
| Open science | 0.005 | 0.006 |
| Research integrity | 0.007 | 0.015 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".