Algorithms for wind parameter retrieval from rain-contaminated x-band marine radar images
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this thesis, research for retrieving wind direction and speed from rain-contaminated X-band marine radar images is presented. Firstly, a method for retrieving wind direction from X-band marine radar data is proposed. The algorithm is used to investigate radar backscatter in the wavenumber domain and obtain wind direction from the wavenumber spectrum. For rain-contaminated images collected under low wind speeds (i.e. less than 8 m/s), wind directions are retrieved using spectral components with wavenumbers of [0.01, 0.2] rad/m. For rain-contaminated images obtained under high wind speeds and rain-free images, wind directions are retrieved using the spectral values at wavenumber zero. The algorithm was tested using X-band radar images and anemometer data collected on the east coast of Canada. Comparison with the anemometer data shows that the root mean square error (RMSE) of wind directions retrieved from low-wind-speed rain-contaminated images is reduced by 25.1 ◦ . Secondly, two methods for estimating wind speed from X-band nautical radar images are presented. One method is used to determine wind speeds by relating the spectral strengths of radar backscatter to the wind speeds using a logarithmic function. The other method is used to mitigate rain influence by applying gamma correction to rain-contaminated images, and then relate the average radar image intensities to measured wind speeds with a logarithmic function. Comparison with the anemometer data show that the two methods reduce the RMSEs of wind speeds estimated from rain-contaminated radar data by 5.9 m/s and 5.4 m/s, respectively. Unlike existing methods which require the exclusion of rain-contaminated data, the new wind parameter retrieval methods work well for both rain-contaminated and rain-free images.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".