Observation of bitumen microstructure oxidation and blending with ESEM
Bibliographic record
Abstract
There have been a several studies observing bitumen microstructure using the environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM); however, these have been few and far between. Nevertheless, there have been findings that show microstructure under ESEM clearly evolving with bitumen ageing. The objective of this paper is to focus on sample conditioning, oxidation and blending. A conditioning procedure was produced and the effect of freezing (−18°C) on the bitumen microstructure for 19 h was examined. A straight-run PG 58-28 bitumen was sampled, with the same bitumen being oxidised using hot air. Additionally, these two bitumens were mixed at ratios of 25/75, 50/50 and 75/25. The microstructures were compared with ESEM observation for their relative density, organisation and fibril size, clearly showing an evolution in the microstructure with oxidation and with different blending ratios.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".