190 Comparative starch, fiber, and energy digestibility and characterization of undigested starch using confocal laser scanning of pulse and cereal grains in growing-finishing pigs
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Starch content is included in the equation to predict NE value of feedstuffs (NRC, 2012), but NE value may vary depending on apparent ileal digestibility (AID) vs. apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of starch. The botanical origin of starch determines starch structure and, thus, may affect the AID of starch. The objective was to determine digestibility of starch, fiber, and energy, and to characterize undigested starch of grains in growing pigs. Seven ileal-cannulated barrows (initial BW 30 kg) were fed 6 diets containing 96% of 1 of 6 feedstuffs (pulse: faba bean, field pea, chick pea; cereal: barley, wheat, corn) or a N-free diet in a 7 × 7 Latin square at 2.8 × maintenance DE to collect feces and digesta. Apparent hindgut fermentation (AHF) was calculated as ATTD−AID. Starch structure of feedstuffs and digesta was analyzed using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and scanning electron microscopy (SCEM). The model included diet as fixed effect, and pig and period as random effects. Cereals contained more starch than pulses (57–68% vs. 41–45%), but pulses contained more total dietary fiber (TDF) than cereals (23–27% vs. 14–21%). The AID of starch was lowest (P < 0.05) in faba bean (85.3%) followed by field pea and chick pea (87–90%), and cereals (93–96%). The ATTD of starch was almost complete ( > 99%) among grains; therefore, AHF of starch was greatest (P < 0.05) for faba bean and field pea (12–15%). The AID and ATTD of TDF was greatest (P < 0.05) in field pea and chick pea and lowest in corn. The AHF of TDF was greatest (P < 0.05) for corn (42.0%) and lowest for wheat (23.8%). The AID of energy was greatest (P < 0.05) in field pea and wheat; and AHF of energy was greater (P < 0.05) in pulses than cereals (17–20% vs. 8–11%). The CLSM revealed that larger pulse starch granules were embedded in protein matrixes; hence, more starch granules remained intact in digesta. In SCEM images, the greater surface area of small corn starch granules may contribute to its 97% AID. Smooth and cracked surfaces of starch granules in digesta among sources indicated different stages of digestion. In conclusion, AID of starch is greater in cereals than pulses; however, ATTD of starch was complete among grains. Hindgut fermentation of starch and TDF of pulses will contribute to their energy value. Defining the digestible fraction of starch and fermentable fractions of starch and fiber may enhance accuracy of equations to predict NE value of feedstuffs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".