Silicon Millimeter-Wave, Terahertz, and High-Speed Fiber-Optic Device and Benchmark Circuit Scaling Through the 2030 ITRS Horizon
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper reviews the technology requirements of future 100-300-GHz millimeter-wave (mm-wave) systems-on-chip (SOI) for high data rate wireless and sensor applications, as well as for 100-300-GBaud fiber-optic communication systems. Measurements of state-of-the-art silicon metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs), SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs), and of a variety of HBT-HBT and MOS-HBT cascodes are presented from dc to 325 GHz. The challenges facing mm-wave MOSFET and SiGe HBT device and benchmark circuit scaling toward 2-3-nm gate length and beyond 2-THz transistor F <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">max</sub> are discussed for the first time based on technology computer-aided design (TCAD) and atomistic simulations. Finally, simulations of the scaling of the SiGe HBT analog and mixed-signal mm-wave benchmark circuit performance across future technology nodes predict that PAs with 45% power added efficiency (PAE) at 220 GHz, track and hold amplifiers (THAs) with over 140-GHz bandwidth, and transimpedance amplifiers (TIAs) with 250-GHz bandwidth and less than 5-dB noise figure will become feasible by 2030. Comparison of simulations and measurements for representative benchmark circuits such as TIAs, THAs, linear modulator drivers, digital-to-analog converters (DACs), and power amplifiers (PAs), fabricated in advanced SiGe BiCMOS and nanoscale SOI complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technologies, and operating at 120 Gb/s and above 100 GHz, respectively, are presented to support the credibility of the benchmark circuit scaling exercise.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it