Bibliographic record
Abstract
Debris flows that are confined by canyons generally exhibit distributary behavior once they exit the canyons, usually creating some sort of debris fan. This distributary nature is commonly observed in fluvial processes, as avulsion out of established flow paths allows the system to methodically fill topographic lows and develop regular, fan-shaped deposits. For debris flows, avulsion represents a serious hazard, because future debris flows may occur in areas that have not experienced events in the recent past, and flows may occur at significant distances across the fan away from currently active channels. It is important to be able to identify avulsion-susceptible areas, to quantify the likelihood of avulsion, and to model and mitigate the possibility of avulsion. Map views of several debris fans showing locations of successive events were analyzed to evaluate the degree of avulsion. In addition, cross-fan sections at three locations in Colorado were interpreted stratigraphically and analyzed to calculate a modified compensation index, Kcv, a single number that indicates significant avulsion activity (Kcv near one), or low avulsion activity (Kcv near 0.5). Areas with typical debris-flow characteristics (abundant coarse clasts, thick units, large lobes, high clay content) tended to have higher compensation indices than areas with typical stream-flow characteristics (thinner, with less clay and coarse clasts). Finally, several sites are reviewed where an understanding of avulsion could help anticipate flow behavior and direct mitigation efforts.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".