Antibiotic Sensitivity of Bacterial Pathogens Isolated From Bovine Mastitis Milk
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Antibiotic sensitivity of bacteria isolated from bovine milk samples was investigated. The 18 antibiotics that were evaluated (e.g., penicillin, novobiocin, gentamicin) are commonly used to treat various diseases in cattle, including mastitis, an inflammation of the udder of dairy cows. A common concern in using antibiotics is the increase in drug resistance with time. This project studies if antibiotic resistance is a threat to consumers of raw milk products and if these antibiotics are still effective against mastitis pathogens. The study included isolating and culturing bacteria from quarter milk samples (n=205) collected from mastitic dairy cows from farms in Chino and Ontario, CA. The isolated bacteria were tested for sensitivity to antibiotics using the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method. The prevalence (%) of resistance to the individual antibiotics was reported.\nResistance to penicillin was 45% which may support previous data on penicillin-resistant bacteria, especially Staphylococcus and Streptococcus. Resistance rates (%) for oxytetracycline (26.8%) and tetracycline (22.9%) were low compared to previous studies but a trend was seen in our results that may support concerns of emerging resistance to tetracyclines in both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Similarly, 31.9% of bacterial isolates showed resistance to erythromycin which is at least 30% less than in reported literature concerning emerging resistance to macrolides. More numbers (%) that should be noted are cefazolin (26.3%), ampicillin (29.7%), novobiocin (33.0%), polymyxin B (31.5%), and resistance ranging from 918% for the other antibiotics.\nThe aim for this project and the trends shown by the data are to encourage further surveillance of antimicrobial resistance. This will allow us to determine whether the antibiotics are still effective against mastitis and whether mastitic bacterial pathogens pose a threat to consumers of raw milk products.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".