Attitudes toward Family Size Preferences in Urban Ethiopia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Making use of data obtained from fieldwork conducted in five major urban centers of Ethiopia in the summer of 2004, this study examines the attitudes of respondents on family size preferences to understand the fertility transition in urban areas. The methodology includes in-depth qualitative interviews and focus group discussions. The findings suggest that children continue to have an immeasurable value for urban residents. However, people differ in their preferences towards family size. A family of four or more children is defined as large by the majority of participants of the study and about three-quarters of them disapproved of large family sizes. The findings show that voluntary childlessness is not within the realm of choice. The overwhelming majority of participants were in favor of small families rather than opting for childlessness. Urban residents have a reproductive goal that takes into account reducing costs in the face of economic hardships and tailoring preferences to achieve upward social mobility. There is emphasis on the wellbeing of relatively smaller number of children and attaining a certain level of investment in one’s own human capital which are incompatible with large family size preferences.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".