Bibliographic record
Abstract
This report, which replaces CRS Report RL31651, provides updated information on interstate shipment of municipal solid waste (MSW).Since the late 1980s, Congress has considered, but not enacted, numerous bills that would allow states to impose restrictions on interstate waste shipments, a step the Constitution prohibits in the absence of congressional authorization.Over this period, there has been a continuing interest in knowing how much waste is being shipped across state lines for disposal, and what states might be affected by proposed legislation.This report provides data useful in addressing these questions.Total interstate waste shipments continue to rise due to the closure of older local landfills and the consolidation of the waste management industry.Slightly more than 39 million tons of municipal solid waste crossed state lines for disposal in 2003, an increase of 11% over 2001.Waste imports have grown significantly since CRS began tracking them in the early 1990s, and now represent 24.2% of the municipal solid waste disposed at landfills and waste combustion facilities.In the last 10 years, reported imports have increased 170%.Pennsylvania remains, by far, the largest waste importer.The state received more than 9.1 million tons of MSW and 1.4 million tons of other non-hazardous waste from out of state in 2003.Most of this waste came from New York and New Jersey.Pennsylvania's waste imports represented 23% of the national total.Virginia, the second-largest importer, received 5.5 million tons in 2003, 40% less than the amount received by Pennsylvania.Michigan, the third-largest importer, received 4.5 million tons of MSW from out of state.Imports to both Virginia and Michigan increased substantially in the last year -up about 1 million tons in each case.Nearly two-thirds of Michigan's total imports (about 2.8 million tons) came from the Canadian province of Ontario.These imports grew as the Toronto area closed its last remaining landfill.Other states showing major increases were Ohio, Illinois, New Jersey, Georgia, South Carolina, Tennessee, Oklahoma, and Texas.In all, 28 states had increased imports in the current report, and 10 states reported imports that exceeded 1 million tons.While waste imports increased overall, several states (including Pennsylvania, Indiana, Iowa, and New York) reported sharp declines in imports in the current survey.Pennsylvania's imports fell for the second year in a row: about 1.5 million fewer tons of imports were received at Pennsylvania landfills in 2003 than in 2001.Factors causing this decline included the imposition of an additional $5.00 per ton state fee on waste disposal and the absence of rail service at Pennsylvania landfills.New York remains the largest exporter of waste, with New Jersey in second place.These two states account for 37% of all municipal solid waste crossing state lines for disposal.Six other states (Missouri, Illinois, Maryland, Massachusetts, Ohio, and Washington), the District of Columbia, and the Canadian province of Ontario also exported more than 1 million tons each.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".