Use of blood parameters as biomarkers in brown bullheads (Ameiurus Nebulosus) from Lake Erie tributaries and Cape Cod ponds
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In an attempt to describe the blood parameters of brown bullheads (Ameiurus nebulosus) and to evaluate the use of blood parameters as non-lethal biomarkers of contaminant exposure, brown bullheads were collected from five contaminated sites around Lake Erie, inc luding the Ottawa River (OTT), the Black River (BLA), the Cuyahoga River harbor (CRH), the Cuyahoga River upstream (CRU), and Presque Isle Bay (PIB).Fish were also collected from two relatively uncontaminated reference sites around Lake Erie, the Huron River (HUR) and Old Woman Creek (OWC).Brown bullheads were also sampled from Ashumet Pond (ASH), a contaminated site on Cape Cod, and Great Herring Pond (GHP), a less contaminated site near Cape Cod.Image analysis was used on fish blood smears to measure the major axis length, minor axis le ngth, area, and shape factor of erythrocytes and their nuclei.These data were used to determine the average numbers of mature, intermediate, and immature erythrocytes at each site.Blood smears were also used to qua ntify other types of erythrocytes (karyorrhetic, dividing, and enucleate) and leukocytes (neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes).To determine what effects, if any, that capture and handling stress had on fish blood variables, an experiment was conducted to mimic typical handling stress, and fish were bled serially.An ELISA iii was used to determine plasma cortisol levels, which were compared to other blood variables.Lastly, two genetic assays were used to assess genotoxic exposure.The comet assay and micronucleus assay were performed to compare fish from contaminated and uncontaminated sites.Additionally, the micronucleus assay provided another method to quantify the number of polychromatic (immature) erythrocytes in circulation.Fish from P IB had the lowest cellular area.Fish from OTT and OWC had higher cellular shape factors than fish from HUR, BLA, and PIB.Fish from CRH had lower nuclear area than fish from HUR, OWC, BLA, and PIB.Fish from OTT, OWC, CRH, and CRU had higher nuclear shape factors than fish from HUR, BLA, and PIB.The percentage of immature cells in fish from BLA was significantly lower than those from OTT, HUR, CRH, and PIB ; and the percentages of immature cells in fish from HUR and OWC were significantly lower than those from PIB.Although rare, dividing and enucleate erythrocytes were present in circulation.Concentrations of sediment PCBs were negatively associated with nuclear area.Concentrations of sediment heavy metals were positively associated with the proportion of immature erythrocytes and negatively associated with nuclear area.Nuclear shape factor was positively associated with concentrations of sediment DDTs and PAHs .Brown bullheads from BLA had significantly lower percent monocytes than iv fish from P IB and HUR.HUR fish had the highest percent monocytes, which was significantly different from all of the other sites.Percent lymphocytes in OWC fish was significantly higher than fish from PIB and OTT.Percent neutrophils was highest in PIB and BLA, which were significantly different from OWC and HUR.Sediment contaminants were not associated with percent monocytes, lymphocytes, or neutrophils.The stress experiment was plagued by a small sample size, and the cortisol ELISA produced several readings below the detection limit.The results were inconsistent and difficult to interpret.Fish from CRH had a significantly higher frequency of polychromatic (immature) erythrocytes fish from OWC.This study suggests that the acridine orange/PCE method of determining red cell maturity may be more suitable than the cell and nuclear morphology method.OWC fish erythrocytes had 0 micronuclei, while CRH had 0.43 .The comet assay showed significantly more genetic damage at CRH and ASH than their respective reference sites, OWC and GHP.This research suggests that erythrocyte nuclear morphology, percentage of immature erythrocytes in circulation, and the comet assay are suitable nonlethal biomarkers of contaminant exposure in brown bullheads.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".