Earthworm population dynamics as a consequence of long-term and recently imposed tillage in a clay loam soil
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Earthworm abundances were tracked from 1997 to 2012 in established tillages (since 1983) and recently imposed tillages (since 1997) from a Brookston clay loam soil (Orthic Humic Gleysol) at Woodslee, ON. The tillages included the following systems: long-term fall moldboard plowing (CT83) and its 1997 conversion to no tillage (NT97-CT83), long-term no tillage (NT83) and its conversion to moldboard plowing (CT97-NT83), long-term ridge tillage (RT83) and its conversion to moldboard plowing (CT97-RT83), and long-term bluegrass sod (BG83) and its conversion to moldboard plowing (CT97-BG83). Lumbricus terrestris and Aporrectodea turgida were the most abundant of six species identified. The NT83 system had the greatest earthworm numbers except for 2012 when RT83 had equal abundance because of increased Ap. turgida juveniles. Populations in NT97-CT83 increased significantly from 1997 to 2012 because of reduced mechanical disturbance and greater surface residues. During 1997, 1999, and 2003, mean abundance in CT97-BG83 was not different from that of BG83, which likely occurred because buried sod continued to provide ample food. The CT97-RT83 system showed a decline in earthworm populations relative to RT83. The CT97-NT83 treatment had the most significant earthworm decline, reflecting a substantial increase in soil disturbance. Characterizing tillage system effects on earthworm dynamics (e.g., diversity, occurrence, adult, and juvenile abundance) will provide essential data for landscape models.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".