Polyunsaturated fatty acids in fishes increase with total lipids irrespective of feeding sources and trophic position
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Trophic transfer and retention of dietary compounds are vital for somatic development, reproduction, and survival of aquatic consumers. In this field study, stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes, and fatty acids (FA) contents in invertebrates and fishes of pre‐alpine Lake Lunz, Austria, were used to (1) identify the resource use and trophic level of Arctic charr ( Salvelinus alpinus ), pike ( Esox lucius ), perch ( Perca fluviatilis ), brown trout ( Salmo trutta ), roach ( Rutilus rutilus ), and minnow ( Phoxinus phoxinus ) and (2) examine how polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA; i.e., omega‐3 and ‐6 PUFA ) are related to total lipid status, littoral–pelagic reliance, and trophic position. Stable isotope data suggest that pike, perch, and minnow derived most of their energy from littoral resources, but minnows differed from pike and perch in their trophic position and PUFA composition. The co‐occurrence of cyprinids, percids, and pike segregated these fishes into more lipid‐rich (roach, minnow) and lipid‐poor (pike, percids) species. Although the relatively lipid‐poor pike and percids occupied a higher trophic position than cyprinids, there was a concurrent, total lipid‐dependent decline in omega‐3 and ‐6 PUFA in these predatory fishes. Results of this lake food‐web study demonstrated that total lipids in fish community, littoral–pelagic reliance, and trophic position explained omega‐3 and ‐6 PUFA in dorsal muscle tissues. Omega‐3 and ‐6 PUFA in these fishes decreased with increasing trophic position, demonstrating that these essential FAs did not biomagnify with increasing trophic level. Finally, this lake food‐web study provides evidence of fish community‐level relationship between total lipid status and PUFA or stable isotope ratios, whereas the strength of such relationships was less strong at the species level.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".