Analyses of environmental factors for the persistence of Myrmica rubra (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in green spaces of the Greater Toronto Area and applications of ecological niche/species distribution models
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Palearctic native European fire ant Myrmica rubra have been sighted frequently across the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) in recent years. Although their populations in the GTA are fragmented, this non native invasive ant species has potential to expand well beyond their current habitats. In order to ascertain the ecological conditions for the persistence of M. rubra, an extensive study was conducted at conservation areas across the GTA. \n \nBased on some of the ecological factors required for M. rubra, ecological niche models (ENMs)/species distribution models (SDMs) were constructed on 3 different scales using occurrence data for better mitigation and prevention of this invasive species and to predict their future potential geographic distributions in the face of climate change. \n \nFrom an array of regression analyses, it was found that soil surface moisture level (p = 0.005, odds ratio = 1.04), soil surface temperature (p = 0.001, Odds ratio = 1.14), and altitude (p = 0.001, odds ratio = 0.99) are essential for M. rubra to persist. It was also found that M. rubra does displace other ant species as well as arthropods, and this is in agreement with the results from other publications. Based on the ENMs/SDMs, this non native invasive species has potential to spread beyond the current distribution range, and susceptible areas should be monitored for future invasion and expansion.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".