Capillary forces between equally sized moving glass beads: an experimental study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The mechanical response of near-surface unsaturated soils in large-strain environments such as earthquakes, landslides or debris flows is highly dependent on capillary forces. While the evolution of capillary forces under static loading has been studied in detail, the dynamic response of unsaturated soils associated with the viscous deformation and rupture of interparticle liquid menisci at large strains is not as well characterized. Particle-scale pullout tests were conducted to achieve better understanding of how separation rates and distances contribute to capillary force evolution and meniscus rupture between two equally sized glass spheres. Capillary forces evolve nonmonotonically in a manner that first increases and then decreases with increasing separation distances and is dependent on the initial meniscus geometry and wettability of the particles. The rate of capillary force reduction and particle separation distance at liquid bridge rupture are functions of the meniscus volume and rate of particle separation. The two-particle experimental results suggest that the dynamic response of bulk (multi-particle) unsaturated soil systems would depend on processes of drainage and imbibition and provide insight into the evolution of stiffness and the ductility of unsaturated soils undergoing large-strain deformations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".