Solvent‐induced crystal formation in polymers: Experimental studies and theoretical modeling of poly(vinyl alcohol) based on free‐volume concepts
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT A model has been developed to describe the simultaneous diffusion and solvent‐induced crystal formation in polymers based on the idea that crystal formation is governed by polymer chain mobility and a thermodynamic driving force. The polymer chain mobility is described based on solvent and polymer physical characteristics using the free‐volume theory of transport. The semicrystalline polymer‐solvent system is treated as a ternary system consisting of crystalline polymer, amorphous polymer, and solvent. The addition of solvent to the amorphous phase is assumed to increase the local free volume and facilitate movement of polymer chains, thereby enabling crystal formation. Diffusion of the solvent is assumed to occur solely in the amorphous polymer phase. The species continuity equations are formulated in volume‐averaged coordinates and give rise to a convective term due to the density change accompanying transformation of the amorphous polymer to the crystalline polymer. Accurate modeling of this problem requires that a moving boundary be considered. The model was tested using gravimetric sorption data for the poly(vinyl alcohol)‐water system. In the experimental studies, the water was initially absorbed and then a high percentage of it was expelled. The proposed model accurately describes this behavior. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017 , 134 , 45171.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".