Characterization of an Equine Rhinitis A Virus (ERAV/ON/05) and Development of an Experimental Infection Model in Horses
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In 2005 an equine rhinitis A virus (ERAV) isolate was recovered from a\nfebrile horse during a respiratory outbreak in Ontario. This isolate (ERAV/ON/05)\nwas propagated in cell culture and used to study its genomic characteristics and\nto investigate the clinical features in experimentally infected ponies. The fulllength\ngenome of this isolate was sequenced and compared with other ERAV\navailable in GenBank. The isolate genome is 7839 nucleotides (nts) in length\nwith a variable 5’UTR and a more conserved 3’UTR. When the isolate was\ncompared to other reported ERAV, an insertion of 13 nts in the 5’UTR was\nidentified. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that ERAV/ON/05 was closely\nrelated to the ERAV/PERV isolate, which was recovered in 1962 in the United\nKingdom. An experimental model was developed to study the clinical infection in\nnaïve healthy ponies (ERAV/ON/05 n=4 and placebo n=4). ERAV/ON/05\ninduced clinical respiratory disease compared to placebo. The clinical signs\nconsisted of pyrexia, nasal discharge, increased and abnormal lung sounds,\nincreased size of submandibular lymph nodes and persistent mucopus in the\ntrachea (up to 21 days post-infection). The virus was isolated from the lower and\nupper airways up to day 7 post-infection, corresponding with the detection of\nneutralizing ERAV antibodies. Assessment of the cytokine profile from\nbronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells demonstrated that this infection induced\ndown-regulation of the mRNA expression of IL-4. One year later, four previously\ninfected ponies with neutralizing antibodies to ERAV were assigned to a reinfection\ntrial. None of the re-infected ponies developed clinical disease, and only\none animal had a four-fold increase in antibody titres to ERAV. Attempts to\nrecover the virus from the re-infected ponies using cell culture were negative;\nhowever, a down-regulation of the mRNA expression of IL-4 and IFN-β was\nidentified in BAL cells. In conclusion, this study shows that the genome of ERAV has not\nsignificantly changed in the last 50 years and more importantly the virus induces\nclinical respiratory disease similar to other common equine respiratory viruses.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".