Diversification of deermice (Rodentia: genus <i>Peromyscus</i>) at their north‐western range limit: genetic consequences of refugial and island isolation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Aim We surveyed the genetic variability of deermice (genus Peromyscus ) at the north‐western edge of their range to test for occupancy in multiple, hypothesized ice‐free regions during the late Pleistocene and explore post‐glacial dynamics. Location North‐western North America. Methods We used sequences from four independent nuclear and mitochondrial loci from 341 specimens of Peromyscus maniculatus, Peromyscus keeni and Peromyscus sp. (Yukon) to assess species limits, population structure, and demographical change as a result of historical climate change, using a Bayesian approach. Species distribution models were built in MaxEnt to explore the niche overlap amongst genetically distinct species. Results Divergence amongst three lineages began before the last interglacial, and each shows signs of post‐glacial expansion. Multilocus species trees strongly support P. keeni and Peromyscus sp. (Yukon) as independent from P. maniculatus . Substantial substructure was observed for P. keeni across the fragmented Alexander Archipelago. Northern lineages or clades ( Peromyscus sp. and P. keeni ) differed in potential ecological distributions. Main conclusions At the extreme north‐western range of deermice in North America, three distinct lineages persist reflecting divergence in at least three ice‐free regions [Beringia, Coastal (near Southeast Alaska) and Southern Continental] throughout the latest Pleistocene glacial cycles. Although spatially proximate in Yukon, no locations were identified where these lineages are in contact. Further, west along the Pacific Coast, P. keeni is widespread across the complex landscape of Southeast Alaska, yet there is limited contemporary gene flow amongst island populations, a finding consistent with the barriers produced by rising sea levels at the end of the Last Glacial Maximum.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".