283 Effects of condensed tannins on bacterial and fungal core microbiomes involved in the ensiling and aerobic spoilage of purple prairie clover (Dalea purpurea Vent.) silage
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Effects of condensed tannins (CT) on rumen microbes have been well documented, whereas little information exists about their effects on the microbial communities involved in ensiling. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of CT on the composition and diversity of bacterial and fungal core microbiomes associated with ensiling and aerobic spoilage of purple prairie clover (PPC). Purple prairie clover (Dalea purpurea Vent.; 60 g CT/kg DM) was harvested at full flower and ensiled in polyvinyl chloride laboratory silos with and without polyethylene glycol (PEG) for 76 d. Silage was then subjected to aerobic exposure for 14 d. Bacterial and fungal core microbiomes in the silage and in the aerobically exposed silage were examined using real-time qPCR and high-throughput sequencing. Real-time qPCR analysis revealed that PPC ensiled without PEG exhibited less (P < 0.01 to approximately 0.001) gene copy numbers of total bacteria, Lactobacillus, yeasts, and fungi than PEG-treated silage. This trend was also observed for d-7 aerobically exposed silage with the exception of Lactobacillus, which had greater (P < 0.05) gene copy numbers for non-PEG than for PEG-treated silage. Metagenome analyses generated a total of 4,273,668 bacterial sequences and 3,455,929 fungal sequences, which were assigned to 225 bacterial and 142 fungal genera, respectively. Addition of PEG increased (P < 0.001) the abundance of Lactobacillus and Pediococcus but decreased (P < 0.01) that of Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, Agrobacterium, Erwinia, Methylobacterium, Pseudomonas, and Sphingomonas. The abundance of the fungal genera Colletotrichum, Xylogone, Galactomyces, Penicillium, Fusarium, and Cryptococcus in silage were also increased (P < 0.05) by PEG. Diversity measurements of bacterial and fungal communities indicated that addition of PEG decreased (P < 0.01) the number of microbial core genome operational taxonomic units (OTU), ACE, Chao 1, and Shannon indexes. It did not affect the diversity of fungal communities. The PEG-treated silage had a higher (P < 0.001) abundance of Pediococcus but less (P < 0.001) Lactococcus and Leuconostoc than non-PEG silage after aerobic exposure. The PEG-treated silage also had a greater (P < 0.05 to approximately 0.01) abundance of Colletotrichum, Penicillium, and Fusarium at d 7 and greater (P < 0.05 to approximately 0.001) abundance of Candida, Colletotrichum, Wickerhamomyces, Penicillium, and Pterula after aerobic exposure. The observed bacterial and fungal OTU, ACE and Chao 1 were lower (P < 0.05) for PEG-treated than for non-PEG treated silage after aerobic exposure. The results indicated that CT decreased population of majority bacteria, fungus, and yeast but increased bacterial diversity during ensiling and aerobic deterioration but increased fungal diversity only after aerobic exposure.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".