Tracking the Effect of Sodium Insertion/Extraction in Amorphous and Anatase TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanotubes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We report a mechanistic investigation of the electrochemical behavior of TiO 2 nanotubes (NTs) in amorphous and anatase phases during sodiation/desodiation. The local structure variations of these two host structures upon Na + uptake/release are comparatively examined by X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) at the Ti K and L, O K, and Na K edges. Upon Na + insertion/extraction, the surface/near surface XANES analysis at the Ti K edge suggests that the surface/near surface of TiO 2 NTs in both phases is partially reduced to metallic Ti from the unstable sodium titanate formed at the electrolyte/electrode interface, and the sodiation of amorphous NTs is more effective than anatase ones. More importantly, it further reveals that irreversible phase transformations from pure amorphous and anatase TiO 2 to amorphous sodium titanate take place on the NT surface/near surface after the first cycle of discharge/charge. The bulk XANES analysis at the Ti L edge demonstrates that irreversible phase transformation also proceeds in the bulk of these two phase structures, where, however, the formation stable amorphous sodium titanate is observed. All the findings are corroborated by energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and XANES analysis at the O K and Na K edges.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".