High Incidence and Correlates of Dioecy in the Flora of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In comparing the incidence of dioecy in North American floras, we report a strong, positive correlation with increasing latitude. Dioecy in the High Arctic is highly correlated with woodiness, as elsewhere. It is significantly correlated with fleshy, zoochorous fruits as well documented elsewhere. Correlation with floral inconspicuousness, which we define in terms of attractiveness to pollinators (i.e., functionality to pollination), is weak and statistically insignificant. Published findings on that correlation are equivocal; different authors variously defined inconspicuousness in ways that may or may not reflect functionality in pollination. Although we acknowledge that for some diverse taxa (e.g., Salix spp.) the relative importances of anemophily, zoophily (entomophily), and ambophily are unknown, we assigned species to (a) anemophily if evidence for entomophily could not be invoked and (b) entomophily if insect pollination was considered possible (i.e., counts for entomophily include possibly ambophilous species). We found no correlation between dioecy and anemophily/entomophily. The view that insularity favours establishment of dioecious taxa may be invoked by considering localized and disjoint post-glacial colonization. The view that dioecy, as a form of xenogamy, has evolved in response to offsetting the adverse consequences of inbreeding and accumulation of mutations may apply under High Arctic conditions, further eroding ideas that short, harsh, active seasons promote self-fertilization (autogamy), agamospermy, and vegetative reproduction while disfavouring xenogamy by insect or wind pollination.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".