Acute Radiation-Induced Changes in Sprague-Dawley Rat Submandibular Glands: A Histomorphometric Analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Radiation-induced xerostomia is a distressing clinical condition that starts appearing from the initial stages of radiotherapy in head and neck cancer patients. Though submandibular glands contribute to maximum of the "resting salivary" secretions, most of the acute xerostomia experiments so far reported have been on animal parotid glands. Therefore, we assessed and quantified the histologic changes in submandibular glands of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats using histomorphometry, 24 hours after radiation. Methods: Three SD rats were given single-dose radiation of 15 Gray from a gamma cobalt-60 irradiator. Same number of non-radiated animals was the controls. Animals were sacrificed at 24 hours followed by histopathology and histomorphometry of submandibular glands, where the mean values were analyzed by Student's t -test. Results: Irradiated submandibular glands showed highly significant reduction in acinar area (53%: 77.16±5.05% to 36.55±4.90%) and acinar size (87%: 3,447.53 ± 461.03 mm 2 to 428.25 ± 75.22 mm 2 ) with concomitant increase in inter-acinar space (3.46 ± 0.67 mm to 10.08 ± 0.60 mm). Acini nuclei displayed anisonucleosis, poikilonucleosis and pyknosis. "Serous acini" had marked morphologic changes, with fluid accumulation between cells, generalized cytoplasmic vacuolation and vascular congestion, while "mucous acini" largely retained cell architecture. Similarly, ductal cells and nuclei also did not show apparent differences. This demonstrated radiosensitivity variations among different submandibular gland cell types. Conclusion: Evaluation of acute submandibular acinar cell dysfunctions has helped in quantifying the histologic elements, which mainly contribute to the resting salivary secretions. Findings would aid in future research of radioprotector drugs, salivary glandular regeneration modalities and in devising prudent radiotherapy protocols to address radiation-induced xerostomia. World J Oncol. 2017;8(2):45-52 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/wjon1021w Â
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".