Estimation of CHOPS Wormhole Coverage From Rate/Time Flow Behaviors
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Summary In wormholed reservoirs with cold-heavy-oil-production-with-sand (CHOPS) wells, regions covered by wormhole networks are estimated by analyzing rate/time flow behaviors along with pressure and sand-production data. In this work, the concept of effective wormhole coverage is proposed as a proxy of the drainage region of CHOPS wells with complex wormhole networks. The wormhole intensity is defined as the total length of wormholes per unit effective wormhole coverage. A CHOPS flow model is developed by use of the boundary-element method (BEM) to account for various boundary conditions, wormhole morphologies, and effects of wormhole dynamic growth. Transient pressure and rate responses calculated by the model are validated by comparing with analytical solutions and numerical simulations. Modeling results show that the effective wormhole coverage and wormhole intensity within the region dominantly affect the characteristics of pressure and rate/time behaviors, regardless of the detailed wormhole morphologies. Accordingly, dimensionless pressure and rate type curves are developed to match flow behaviors, such as wormhole linear- and transitional-flow regimes to estimate effective wormhole coverage of CHOPS wells with available field data. This work extends the literature with fast type-curve matching of pressure and rate/time behaviors instead of generally practiced numerical-simulation routines. A field case with rate and sand-production data is successfully analyzed to show great potential of applying the proposed approach to characterize CHOPS wormholes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".