Comparison of antihyperglycemic effects of creatine and metformin in type II diabetic patients
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Purpose To compare the antihyperglycemic effects of metformin and creatine in recently detected type II diabetics in a short-term clinical study. Methods In a 14 day simmetrically randomized crossover study, recently detected type II diabetics received either creatine (2x3 g/day) or metformin (2x500 mg/day) for five days, followed by two days of washout, followed by cross-over to the opposite treatment for the next five days. Fasting and post-prandial (-15, 60, 90, 120, 180 and 240 min) blood glucose, insulin, c-peptide, creatine and lactate were measured every other day for the duration of treatment, and HbA1c only at the begining and at the end of the study. Results Both creatine and metformin decreased glucose concentrations to similar levels at all time points vs. basal glucose values [-15, 60, 90, 120, 180, and 240 min] 11.1±0.75 vs 9.1±0.55a vs 8.8±0.59b, 14.4±0.6 vs 12.9±0.47a vs 13.1±0.55a, 14.8±0.58 vs 13.0±0.46b vs 13.3±0.55a, 14.1±0.6 vs 11.9±0.42b vs 12.5±0.51a, 12.2±0.6 vs 9.6±0.36c vs 9.9±0.38c, and 10.1±0.47 vs 7.8±0.36c vs 8.4±0.4b; (aP < 0.05; bP < 0.01; cP < 0.001 vs. basal glucose values). Neither treatment altered insulin, c-peptide, or HbA1c. Lactate varied during the day, but never reached the upper level of the safety reference range. Conclusion Short-term treatment with creatine and metformin elicits similar glucose lowering effects in recently detected type II diabetics. Further studies are necessary to determine the effect of creatine on long-term glucose and insulin regulation. Purpose To compare the antihyperglycemic effects of metformin and creatine in recently detected type II diabetics in a short-term clinical study. Methods In a 14 day simmetrically randomized crossover study, recently detected type II diabetics received either creatine (2x3 g/day) or metformin (2x500 mg/day) for five days, followed by two days of washout, followed by cross-over to the opposite treatment for the next five days. Fasting and post-prandial (-15, 60, 90, 120, 180 and 240 min) blood glucose, insulin, c-peptide, creatine and lactate were measured every other day for the duration of treatment, and HbA1c only at the begining and at the end of the study. Results Both creatine and metformin decreased glucose concentrations to similar levels at all time points vs. basal glucose values [-15, 60, 90, 120, 180, and 240 min] 11.1±0.75 vs 9.1±0.55a vs 8.8±0.59b, 14.4±0.6 vs 12.9±0.47a vs 13.1±0.55a, 14.8±0.58 vs 13.0±0.46b vs 13.3±0.55a, 14.1±0.6 vs 11.9±0.42b vs 12.5±0.51a, 12.2±0.6 vs 9.6±0.36c vs 9.9±0.38c, and 10.1±0.47 vs 7.8±0.36c vs 8.4±0.4b; (aP < 0.05; bP < 0.01; cP < 0.001 vs. basal glucose values). Neither treatment altered insulin, c-peptide, or HbA1c. Lactate varied during the day, but never reached the upper level of the safety reference range. Conclusion Short-term treatment with creatine and metformin elicits similar glucose lowering effects in recently detected type II diabetics. Further studies are necessary to determine the effect of creatine on long-term glucose and insulin regulation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".