Evaluation of passive reduction of nitrate from greenhouse effluent by planted bioreactors
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract A number of pilot-scale gravel and wood-chip hybrid bioreactors planted with select species, together with unplanted units, were evaluated for their nutrient removal capabilities from the typical greenhouse effluent with high levels of nitrate and salts. Two levels of nutrient solution (high and low loading: HL/LL) were prepared to simulate the typical characteristics of the greenhouse effluent. The wood-chip bioreactor with Typha angustifolia exhibited the highest consistent nutrient treatment with an average nitrate reduction in the LL phase of 88.4% (28.2 g N m−3 media day−1) and phosphate reduction of 34.4%. The nitrate reduction in this bioreactor was the highest among the values reported in the literature. The near-complete denitrification developed provided a nitrate-limiting environment as evidenced by an average 21.5% sulfate reduction. The distinct increase in the outflow organic carbon (as BOD5) from the wood chips in the bioreactor planted with T. angustifolia appeared to be the key explanation for the efficient denitrification, while the other vegetated bioreactors resulted in 19.0%–36.5% nitrate reduction and low outflow BOD5 near the end of the experiment, indicating carbon limitation in these bioreactors.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".