Storm‐induced changes in pCO<sub>2</sub> at the sea surface over the northern <scp>S</scp>outh <scp>C</scp>hina <scp>S</scp>ea during <scp>T</scp>yphoon <scp>W</scp>utip
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In situ oceanographic measurements were made before and after the passage of Typhoon Wutip in September 2013 over the northern South China Sea. The surface geostrophic circulation over this region inferred from satellite altimetry data features a large‐size anticyclonic eddy, a small‐size cyclonic eddy, and smaller‐size eddies during this period. Significant typhoon‐induced changes occurred in the partial pressure of CO 2 at the sea surface (pCO 2sea ) during Wutip. Before the passage of Wutip, pCO 2sea was about 392.92 ± 1.83, 390.31 ± 0.50, and 393.04 ± 4.31 μatm over the cyclonic eddy water, the anticyclonic eddy water, and areas outside two eddies, respectively. The entire study region showed a carbon source (1.31 ± 0.46 mmol CO 2 m −2 d −1 ) before Wutip. In the cyclonic eddy water after Wutip, high sea surface salinity (SSS), low sea surface temperature (SST), and high pCO 2sea (413.05 ± 7.56 μatm) made this area to be a carbon source (3.30 ± 0.75 mmol CO 2 m −2 d −1 ). In the anticyclonic eddy water after Wutip, both the SSS and SST were lower, pCO 2sea was also lower (383.03 ± 3.72 μatm), and this area became a carbon sink (–0.11 ± 0.55 mmol CO 2 m −2 d −1 ), in comparison with the pretyphoon conditions. The typhoon‐induced air‐sea CO 2 flux reached about 0.03 mmol CO 2 m −2 d −1 . Noticeable spatial variations in pCO 2sea were affected mainly by the typhoon‐induced mixing/upwelling and vertical stratifications. This study suggests that the local air‐sea CO 2 flux in the study region was affected significantly by oceanographic conditions during the typhoon.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.030 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.006 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.009 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".