Spherical P‐modified catalysts for heterogeneous cross‐aldol condensation of formaldehyde with methyl acetate for methyl acrylate production
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract A series of spherical supported catalysts were prepared for the production of methyl acrylate (MA) via cross‐aldol condensation with methyl acetate (MeOAc) and formaldehyde—the simplest aldehyde without α‐H. ZSM‐5, γ‐Al 2 O 3 , MCM‐41, SBA‐15, and β‐zeolite were used as supports and phosphorus element (P) was selected for the active component to synthesize the catalyst to study the influence of the catalyst acid‐base properties on the yield of MA. The catalyst was characterized with X‐ray diffraction, XPS, Pyridine FTIR, BET, SEM, TEM, CO 2 ‐TPD, and NH 3 ‐TPD and the changes of the catalyst structure and acid properties were explored. The results showed the carbonyl polarity of methyl acetate was boosted by Lewis acid sites (L acid) and the formaldehyde activation and formation of ester enol form could be promoted by Bronsted acid sites (B acid). Using the fixed‐bed reactor, the effect of calcination temperature, catalyst loading, reaction temperature, molar ratio of reactants, and sources of phosphorus were optimized, then the catalyst life and regeneration performance were also evaluated. Lastly, the catalytic mechanism of P‐modified ZSM‐5 catalysts was proposed.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
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Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it